Abstract Hard carbons are emerging as the most viable anodes to support the commercialization of sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries due to their competitive performance. However. the hard carbon anode suffers from low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). and the ambiguous Na-ion (Na+) storage mechanism and interfacial chemistry fail to give a reasonable interpretation. https://fitnessgravesyardes.shop/product-category/pedal-bottom-set/